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Stop Animal
Exploitation NOW!
S. A. E. N.
"Exposing the truth to wipe
out animal experimentation"
Government Grants Promoting Cruelty to Animals
University of California, Los Angeles, CA
JOAQUIN M. FUSTER - Primate Testing - 2006
Grant Number: 5R01MH072641-02
Project Title: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO CORTICAL COGNITIVE
NETWORKS
PI Information: PROFESSOR JOAQUIN M. FUSTER,
[email protected]
Phone: (310) 825-0247 or (310) 825-5528
Abstract:
This project has two major objectives. The first is to identify
structural and functional properties of cognitive neuronal networks in
cortex of association (prefrontal and posterior parietal) during working
memory. The second objective is largely methodological: to substantiate
the coupling between neural activity and hemodynamic changes in working
memory.
Both objectives will be pursued in the monkey by the combined use of
four minimally invasive and behavior-compatible recording methods:
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), surface field-potential (FP)
recording, local field-potential (LFP) recording, and unit-activity
recording. NIRS signals and surface FPs will be recorded simultaneously
with epidural probes. Unit activity and local field potentials (LFPs)
will also be recorded simultaneously by means of transdural
microelectrodes.
Based on certain assumptions of cognitive network architecture and
the spatial resolution of each method, the four methods will be used in
combination to test three specific hypotheses of neural activation and
hemodynamic change in the regions of interest during the performance of
two working-memory tasks, spatial delayed response (DR) and non-spatial
delayed matching to sample (DMS).
The analysis will focus on the neural and hemodynamic activity during
the retention of a sensory stimulus in working memory. NIRS, FP, and
unit data will be correlated with each of the variables most relevant to
the specific hypotheses to be tested: cortical location, stimulus or
memorandum, task, time of trial, and level of correct performance.
In the study of neural-hemodynamic coupling in cognitive function,
special emphasis will be placed on the correlations between NIRS signals
and electrical manifestations of cell discharge. These correlations are
expected to provide crucial information on the neuronal basis of
functional imaging signals, such as those obtained by BOLD fMRI, in
human cognition.
Thesaurus Terms:
brain mapping, cognition, parietal lobe /cortex, prefrontal lobe
/cortex, short term memory brain circulation, brain electrical activity,
electrical potential, hemodynamics, neural transmission, performance,
stimulus /response Macaca mulatta, behavioral /social science research
tag, infrared spectrometry, microelectrode
Institution: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
Office of Research Administration, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095
Fiscal Year: 2006
Department: NONE
Project Start: 09-SEP-2005
Project End: 31-JUL-2010
ICD: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH
IRG: COG
|
Cerebral Cortex
Volume 17, Supplement 1
Pp. i77-i87
Distributed and Associative Working
Memory
Yong-Di Zhou,
Allen Ardestani and
Joaqu�n M. Fuster
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Materials and Methods
The experiments
were conducted on 4 adult male rhesus monkeys weighing
between 8 and 12 kg. Two of the animals and their databases
were used in previous studies (Zhou and
Fuster 1996 2000 2004). The animals were
individually housed and maintained on a diet of chow and
fruit. Fluid intake was restricted before testing
sessions. All experiments were carried out under strict adherence
to an animal-use protocol periodically reviewed and approved
by the University of California, Los Angeles, Chancellor's
Animal Research Committee and in accord with the animal
care and experimentation guidelines from the National
Institutes of Health (Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals), the US Department of Agriculture,
and the Society for Neuroscience.
Behavioral Paradigms
In a sound-attenuated and electrically
isolated chamber, the
animals were trained to perform the 2
WM tasks described below,
one with tactile memoranda and the
other with visual memoranda.
Figure 1 depicts the behavioral testing apparatus, the stimuli
or memoranda, and the sequence of events in each of the 2 tasks.
View larger version :
[in a new window]
|
Figure 1. (A)
Diagram of the 2 WM tasks on which the subjects
and their cortical cells were tested. In the HH
task (top), the subject touches the invisible
sample, 1 of 2 objects (rods) differing by a
surface feature (orientation of parallel ridges
or texture). The subject must memorize that
feature through a delay period because at the
end of it he is presented with the 2 objects
simultaneously and must choose by touch the one
that matches the sample. In the VH task
(bottom), the subject views an icon of vertical
or horizontal stripes and must memorize it
through the delay in order to choose by touch 1
of 2 objects with ridges oriented in the same
direction as the stripes of the sample icon. (B)
Order of events in a task trial. In HH, the
trial begins with a click signaling that the
sample object is accessible to touch; the animal
extends the hand toward the object and briefly
palpates it, after which he returns the hand to
its resting location. After the delay, a second
click signals the accessibility of the objects
for the choice that, if correct, is followed by
reward. In VH, the trial begins with the
presentation of the icon. After the delay, the
correct tactile choice is that of the object
matching in ridge orientation the icon's stripe
orientation. |
|
Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 August 15; 97(17): 9777�9782.
PMCID:
Copyright � 2000,
The National Academy of Sciences
Physiology
Visuo-tactile
cross-modal associations in cortical somatosensory
cells
Yong-Di Zhou* and
Joaqu�n M.
Fuster
Neuropsychiatric Institute and Brain Research Institute, School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024
*To
whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:
[email protected]
.
Edited
by Larry R. Squire, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
and approved June 19, 2000
Received January 28, 2000.
Methods
Three adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca
mulatta) were the experimental
subjects for this study. They had been used in studies of
short-term memory (14,
15). Animal care and surgical procedures were approved by
the Animal Research Committee at the University of California,
Los Angeles. The animals were trained to perform a
visuo-haptic memory task in a fully
automated, computer-controlled apparatus. During the task, the
animal was seated in a primate chair facing a panel with a
rectangular screen at about eye level for visual display (30 �
50 mm) and a rectangular opening at about waist level for access
to tactile test objects (Fig.
(Fig.1). ).
View larger version :
[in a new window] |
Figure 1
(Upper) V-H TASK.
Schematic diagram of the
visuo-haptic cross-modal
task. (Upper Left)
Monkey watching the visual
cue (icon) in the center of
the panel, the operating
hand resting on the handrest.
(The opening that gives
manual access to the test
objects is occluded.) (Upper
Right) Events in a
trial of the task labeled
sequentially. Cell discharge
is analyzed in three trial
epochs (time spans
indicated): visual cue,
delay, and haptic choice. In
this task, the animal rests
his hand on the handrest
continuously except for the
choice period. In the sample
trial displayed, the visual
cue is the vertical icon,
and the animal correctly
matches the cue with a pull
on the vertical rod. (Lower)
H-H TASK. (Lower Left)
A simplified drawing of the
test apparatus for the
haptic-haptic unimodal task.
The monkey palpates the
sample object. (Lower
Right) Schematic
diagram of the events in a
trial. The animal touches
the vertical rod during the
sample period, and after the
delay pulls it in the
correct choice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2000 August 15;
97(17):
9777�9782.
Copyright � 2000, The National
Academy of Sciences
|
The distance between the eyes
of the animal and the screen was about 20 cm. A pair of visual
images (icons) was used. These were black and white patterns of
parallel stripes (3.5 mm apart). The stripes were vertical in
one icon and horizontal in the other. The opening for the
tactile test objects was normally closed by a shutter. When the
shutter was opened (downward sliding), the animal could reach
out through the opening and manipulate the objects behind the
panel (the objects were at all times out of sight). The test
objects were two vertical cylindrical rods of identical
dimensions (axis, 150 mm and diameter, 19 mm), but different
direction of parallel ridges on their surface (ridges 6 mm
apart). One rod had the ridges along the axis of the cylinder
(vertical ridges) and the other around its circumference
(horizontal ridges). When not in the act of reaching and
grasping the objects, the performing hand of the animal rested
on a rounded pedal (handrest) in the
center of the lower edge of the opening. The other hand was at
all times restricted from access to the test objects by a plate
attached to the primate chair. A displacement-sensitive
transducer was connected to the spring-suspended seat of the
animal. Signals from this transducer were recorded and used for
control of body movements.
After the monkey had undergone
behavioral training (performance criterion above 75% correct),
two cylindrical pedestals for microelectrode recording were
implanted bilaterally on the parietal cortex, leaving the
dura intact. The pedestals were
intended to be placed over hand representation areas of anterior
parietal cortex (Brodmann's areas
3a, 3b, 1, and 2). The implantation was guided by cranial
landmarks, our own experience with previous implants, and a
stereotaxic map (courtesy of T. P.
Pons, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem,
NC). In one of the animals, a pair of EOG (electrooculogram)
electrodes was implanted in the periorbital
bone for monitoring horizontal eye movements.
For a recording session, the
animal was placed in the testing apparatus with its head fixed.
Single-unit activity was recorded
extracellularly with Elgiloy
microelectrodes (impedance 1�2 megaohms).
Spike records were selected for analysis on the basis of
stability, uniformity, and clear isolation from background noise
and the spikes from other units. |
To protest the inhumane use of animals in
this experiment
Please email: JOAQUIN M.
FUSTER, [email protected]
or
Phone: (310) 825-0247 or (310) 825-5528 or
Mail to: Joaquin M. Fuster
UCLA Psychr & Biobehav Sci
BOX 951759, 760 Westwood Plaza,
38-159 Semel Institute
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1759
We would also love to know about your efforts with this
cause:
[email protected]
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Rats, mice, birds, amphibians and other animals have
been excluded from coverage by the Animal Welfare Act. Therefore research
facility reports do not include these animals. As a result of this
situation, a blank report, or one with few animals listed, does not mean
that a facility has not performed experiments on non-reportable animals. A
blank form does mean that the facility in question has not used covered
animals (primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs,
sheep, goats, etc.). Rats and mice alone are believed to comprise over 90%
of the animals used in experimentation. Therefore the majority of animals
used at research facilities are not even counted.
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